\u4eba\u985e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u6587\u5b57<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u4eba\u985e\u53e3\u8a9e\u6709\u4e0a\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u5728\u4e94\u81f3\u5341\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u624d\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u719f\uff1b\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5247\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u77ed\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4e5f\u53ea\u5728\u4e94\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u624d\u7522\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b78\u8005\u5927\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587 (Sumerian Writing) \u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e09\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u8a95\u751f\u65bc\u897f\u4e9e\u73fe\u4eca\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5357\u90e8\u3002\u7576\u6642\u5728\u90a3\u88cf\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u8a18\u5e33\u7684\u9700\u8981\u800c\u4e0d\u7d93\u610f\u5730\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8a18\u9304\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u548c\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6536\u767c\u7269\u54c1\u8005\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6216\u8077\u929c\uff0c\u7c3f\u8a18\u4eba\u54e1\u7528\u8606\u8466\u7a08\u7b46\u679d\u5728\u6fd5\u6f64\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u58d3\u5370\u51fa\u548c\u523b\u5beb\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u500b\u7b26\u865f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u8981\u767b\u8a18 30 \u74f6\u5564\u9152\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u7528\u5713\u67f1\u5f62\u7b46\u7aef\u5728\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u58d3\u5370\u51fa\u4e09\u500b\u5713\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u201830\u2019\u7684\u6578\u76ee\uff1b\u518d\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u7684\u7b46\u5c16\u523b\u5beb\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5564\u9152\u5bb9\u5668 \u3002\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u548c\u6578\u91cf\u5c31\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5716\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n \u4eba\u5011\u5275\u9020\u9019\u4e9b\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u7b26\u865f\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u5728\u53e3\u8a9e\u4e2d\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u7a31\u8b02\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u65b7\u8981\u8a18\u5e33\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7d42\u65bc\u628a\u7b26\u865f\u548c\u53e3\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684\u7a31\u8b02\u626f\u4e0a\u4e86\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u73fe\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u5927\u9ea5\u7684\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u5716 2 \u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u865f<\/u>\uff09\u70ba\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5927\u9ea5\u5728\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u8a9e\u4e2d\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u793e\u201d \/\u0283e\/\u3002\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u5275\u9020\u9019\u500b\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u60f3\u5230\u7528\u5b83\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u5927\u9ea5\u9019\u5be6\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u904e\u9019\u7b26\u865f\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20 {\u0283e} \u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4f46\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u9ea5\u7684\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u6703\u53eb\u5b83\u505a \/\u0283e\/\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u4e26\u4e0d\u81ea\u89ba\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u5176\u5be6\u5df2\u7d93\u628a\u7b26\u865f\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20 {\u0283e} \u626f\u4e0a\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u9577\u6642\u9593\u4f7f\u7528\u5f8c\uff0c\u5927\u9ea5\u7684\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u6162\u6162\u6703\u8207 {\u0283e} \u9023\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u639b\u52fe\uff0c\u904e\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\u5716\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n 2. \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587<\/strong>\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2<\/strong><\/p>\n \u7576\u4eba\u5011\u660e\u767d\u5230\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5176\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a18\u9304\u53e3\u8a9e\u7a31\u8b02\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u4ee5\u6b64\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u8996\u89ba\u7b26\u865f\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u6587\u5b57\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u7522\u751f\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u53e3\u8a9e\u4e0a\u767e\u842c\u5e74\uff0c\u624d\u7d42\u65bc\u660e\u767d\u8aaa\u8a71\u539f\u4f86\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n \u53e3\u8a9e\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u65e9\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u73fe\u6210\u4ea4\u969b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u4e0a\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u9593\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5929\u7684\u5343\u9318\u767e\u934a\uff0c\u8868\u610f\u80fd\u529b\u6975\u5f37\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4eba\u4eba\u80fd\u7528\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u5229\u7528\u53e3\u8a9e\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u597d\u8655\u751a\u591a\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7406\u6703\u53e3\u8a9e\u800c\u81ea\u884c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u8996\u89ba\u7b26\u865f\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6162\u6162\u6703\u767c\u89ba\u8996\u89ba\u7b26\u865f\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e00\u65e9\u5df2\u7d93\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u53e3\u8a9e\u8aaa\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u660e\u767d\u9019\u500b\u9053\u7406\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u5411\u53e3\u8a9e\u9760\u650f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\u4e0d\u642d\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u9806\u8def\u8eca\u3002\u642d\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u8fc5\u901f\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u8996\u89ba\u7b26\u865f\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20\u639b<\/strong>\u52fe<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6587\u5b57\u767c\u5c55\u5fc5\u7d93\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n \u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8207\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u8a9e\u7684\u8a9e\u7d20\u639b\u4e86\u52fe\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7b26\u865f\u90fd\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u55ae\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5927\u9ea5\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u662f\u4ee3\u8868 {\u0283e} \u9019\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff1b\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u7b26\u865f\u5247\u4ee3\u8868\u5169\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8868\u793a\u2018\u5169\u6b72\u5927\u7684\u8c6c\u2019\u7684\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u5716 3\uff09\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868 {\u5169}\u3001{\u6b72}\u3001{\u8c6c} \u4e09\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57 (morphemic writing) \u6216\u8a9e\u8a5e\u6587\u5b57 (logographic writing)\u3002<\/p>\n 3. \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u9020\u5b57<\/strong>\u6cd5<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u5728\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7b26\u865f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u97f3\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u8f03\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\u548c\u6210\u719f\u7684<\/strong>\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57<\/strong>\u3002\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u660e\u767d\u600e\u6a23\u7531\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u97f3\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u6feb\u89f4<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff0c\u662f\u5c08\u7528\u4f86\u8a18\u5e33\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a18\u865f\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8a18\u865f\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u7528\u5713\u67f1\u5f62\u7b46\u7aef\u5728\u624b\u638c\u822c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u58d3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u5982\u5716 4 \u7684\u5713\u5f62\u548c\u6954\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u767b\u8a18\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u548c\u6578\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n \u7531\u65bc\u9700\u8981\u767b\u8a18\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u7a2e\u985e\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u5370\u8a18\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u8b8a\u5316\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4f86\u8981\u53e6\u9020\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u5c08\u7528\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u3002\u8868\u793a\u7269\u54c1\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u591a\u7a2e\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u7528\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u7b46\u5c16\u523b\u5beb\u51fa\u5927\u9ea5\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u9ea5\uff0c\u7528\u5564\u9152\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u5564\u9152\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u7269\u54c1\u7b26\u865f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff08\u898b\u5716 4\uff09\u5247\u8b8a\u6210\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n \u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u5f8c\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u8a18\u865f\u5b57\u3002\u6cd5\u570b\u8003\u53e4\u5b78\u8005\u8c9d\u64a4\u62c9 (Denise Schmandt-Besserat) \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5370\u8a18\u6e90\u81ea\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u7528\u4f86\u8a18\u5e33\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177 (clay token)\u3002\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u5713\u67f1\u9ad4\u6ce5\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u96bb\u7f8a\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u9215\u5f62\u6ce5\u5177\u5247\u4ee3\u8868\u5341\u96bb\u7f8a\u3002[1]<\/a> \u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u9664\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u4f5c\u70ba\u8a18\u9304\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u9700\u8981\u9577\u6642\u671f\u5132\u5b58\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d\u5927\u7d04 3700 \u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u7528\u4f86\u76db\u8f09\u6ce5\u5177\u7684\u7403\u5f62\u6ce5\u76d2\u3002\u628a\u6ce5\u5177\u653e\u9032\u6ce5\u76d2\u5167\u518d\u5c01\u53e3\uff0c\u6ce5\u5177\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u6703\u6563\u5931\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u6709\u4eba\u66f4\u6539\u76d2\u5167\u7684\u6ce5\u5177\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7f3a\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u8981\u9ede\u7b97\u6ce5\u5177\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u628a\u6ce5\u76d2\u6253\u7834\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5f8c\u4f86\u60f3\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d81\u76d2\u9762\u7684\u6ce5\u9084\u672a\u51dd\u56fa\u6642\uff0c\u7528\u6ce5\u5177\u5728\u76d2\u9762\u4e0a\u58d3\u5370\uff1b\u591a\u5c11\u500b\u6ce5\u5177\u5c31\u58d3\u5370\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\u500b\u8a18\u865f\uff0c\u6ce5\u5177\u8207\u8a18\u865f\u4e00\u4e00\u5c0d\u61c9\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u624d\u628a\u6ce5\u5177\u5c01\u5b58\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u55ae\u6191\u76d2\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6253\u7834\u6ce5\u76d2\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u76d2\u5167\u88dd\u8f09\u8457\u751a\u9ebc\u6ce5\u5177<\/strong>\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5370\u8a18\u5df2\u7d93\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u6ce5\u5177\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5f88\u5feb\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6709\u4e86\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u6ce5\u5177\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u6709\u53ef\u7121\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d22\u6027\u7528\u5370\u8a18\u53d6\u4ee3\u6ce5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u7c21\u55ae\u6613\u9020\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f (clay tablet) \u53d6\u4ee3\u8f03\u70ba\u96e3\u9020\u7684\u7403\u5f62\u6ce5\u76d2\u3002<\/p>\n \u8c9d\u6c0f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5370\u8a18\u548c\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u627f\u63a5\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u5713\u5f62\u548c\u6954\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\uff08\u898b\u5716 4\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4f86\u81ea\u6ce5\u5177\u58d3\u5728\u6ce5\u76d2\u4e0a\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u9084\u6709\u5927\u7d04 50 \u500b\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u7684\u8a18\u5e33\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u66f4\u52dd\u4e00\u7c4c\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u5728\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u6578\u91cf<\/strong>\u7528\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8868\u793a (\u5982\u5716 1 \u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u793a\u2018\u5341\u2019 \u7684\u5713\u5f62\u5370\u8a18)\uff0c\u800c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u7a2e\u985e<\/strong>\u5247\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u7528\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8868\u793a (\u5982\u5716 1 \u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u793a\u2018\u5564\u9152\u5bb9\u5668\u2019\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f)\u3002<\/p>\n \u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u8a18\u5e33\u7b26\u865f<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8a18\u5e33\u7528\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5404\u985e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u7269\u54c1\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8868\u793a\u7269\u54c1\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u523b\u5beb\u548c\u58d3\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8868\u793a\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u8077\u929c\u7684\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5275\u9020\u9019\u4e9b\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff0c\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u9664\u5916\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u7576\u5c0f\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5411\u53e3\u8a9e\u9760\u650f\u6642\uff0c\u7b26\u865f\u5c31\u6162\u6162\u8207\u5176\u53e3\u8a9e\u7a31\u8b02\u639b\u52fe\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4ee3\u8868\u8a9e\u7d20\u6216\u8a5e\u7684\u5b57\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u70ba\u8a18\u865f\u5b57\u548c\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u5b57\u5169\u5927\u985e\u3002\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u5b57\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d30\u5206\u6210\u8c61\u5f62\u3001\u6307\u4e8b\u3001\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u3001\u6703\u610f\u3001\u8907\u5408\u4e94\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587<\/u><\/strong>\u9996\u968e\u6bb5<\/u><\/strong>\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u9996\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\uff0c\u9023\u8a18\u865f\u5b57\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u6709\u516d\u7a2e\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff1a1. \u8a18\u865f 2. \u8c61\u5f623. \u6307\u4e8b 4. \u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528 5. \u6703\u610f 6. \u8907\u5408\u3002\u73fe\u5206\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a01.\u00a0\u8a18\u865f<\/strong> (Mark)<\/p>\n \u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u8ddf\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5f88\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f9e\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u770b\u51fa\u5176\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6b66\u65b7\u548c\u7121\u7406\u53ef\u5faa\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u627f\u63a5\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u5c0f\u6ce5\u5177\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e00\u65e9\u5df1\u6709\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5370\u8a18\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u96e3\u88ab\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n \u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u7531\u5713\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\u548c\u6954\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\u5169\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u7b26\u865f\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7d44\u5408\u7684\u5713\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\u548c\u6954\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\u3002\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u9664\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u7269\u54c1\u6578\u91cf\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf\u548c\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u8a18\u5e33\u6642\u7528\u5f97\u751a\u70ba\u983b\u5bc6\u3002\u4e0b\u5716\u986f\u793a\u516d\u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5713\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\u548c\u6954\u5f62\u5370\u8a18\uff1a<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a02.\u20136.\u00a0<\/strong>\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u4e94\u7a2e\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5 <\/strong>(Five ways to create iconic signs)<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u5728\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u8a18\u5e33\u6642\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5275\u9020\u9019\u4e9b\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u63a1\u7528\u8c61\u5f62\u3001\u6307\u4e8b\u3001\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u3001\u6703\u610f\u3001\u8907\u5408\u9019\u4e94\u7a2e\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\u3002\u8acb\u770b\u4e0b\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e94\u7a2e\u5b57\u7b26\u53ef\u7d71\u7a31\u70ba\u5f62\u7b26 (iconic sign)\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8a9e\u7d20\u6216\u7531\u8a9e\u7d20\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u8a5e\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u8868\u793a\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a31\u70ba\u610f\u7b26\u6216\u7fa9\u7b26 (semantic sign \u6216 semantogram)\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u7d71\u4e00\u53eb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e00\u5f8b\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u7fa9\u7b26\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u7fa9\u7b26\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7fa9\u7b26\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u8a9e\u7d20\u5b57 (morphogram) \u3002<\/p>\n \u7576\u9700\u8981\u5feb\u6377\u66f8\u5beb\u6642\uff0c\u7fa9\u7b26\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u7b46\u5283\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u8c61\u5f62\u7279\u6027\u6703\u6162\u6162\u5931\u53bb\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u7fa9\u7b26\u7684\u8868\u7fa9\u529f\u80fd\u537b\u4e0d\u6703\u5931\u6389\u3002\u7fa9\u7b26\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u5f8c\uff0c\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5176\u5be6\u5df2\u7d93\u7531\u501a\u91cd\u5b57\u7684\u5916\u5f62\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u501a\u91cd\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002\u5b57\u7fa9\u662f\u7531\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u5b57\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u7b26\u865f\u662f\u5426\u6613\u5beb\u6613\u8a8d\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4\u5176\u662f\u5426\u8c61\u5f62\u4f86\u5f97\u91cd\u8981<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c<\/u><\/strong>\u968e\u6bb5<\/u><\/strong>\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6cbf\u8972\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516d\u7a2e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u5b57\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7c21\u7565\u8aaa\u660e\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u9019\u7b2c\u4e03\u7a2e\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a07. \u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f <\/strong>(Phonetic loan \/ Phonetic transfer)<\/p>\n \u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\u6709\u5176\u6975\u9650\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u7121\u5f80\u800c\u4e0d\u5229\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7576\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u8981\u5beb\u51fa \/enlil til\/ \u9019\u500b\u4eba\u540d\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u4e0a\u4e86\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\/enlil\/ \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u7528\u661f\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u8868 2\uff09\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u661f\u5bbf\u6240\u5728\u8655\u662f\u795e\u7684\u5c45\u6240\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u7528\u661f\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8c61\u5fb5 \/enlil\/ \u9019\u4f4d\u795e\u3002\/til\/ \u89e3\u4f5c\u2018\u751f\u547d\u2019\uff0c\u8a9e\u7fa9\u8f03\u70ba\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u501f\u7528\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u7684\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7a31\u7bad\u70ba \/ti\/\uff0c\u548c \/til\/ \u7684\u8b80\u97f3\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u7bad\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u8868 2\uff09\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u2018\u751f\u547d\u2019\/til\/\u3002\u6574\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5927\u6982\u662f\u2018\u795e\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u2019\uff0c\u8ddf\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57 {\u5929\u8cdc} \u76f8\u985e\u4f3c\u3002<\/p>\n \u7bad\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u672c\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u2018\u7bad\u2019\uff0c\u5047\u501f\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u2018\u751f\u547d\u2019\uff0c\u672c\u7fa9\u548c\u5047\u501f\u7fa9\u98a8\u99ac\u725b\u4e0d\u76f8\u53ca\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u6beb\u7121\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u5047\u501f\u5b57 (\u5373\u97f3\u7b26 (phonogram)) \u8ddf\u672c\u5b57\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee3\u8868\u672c\u7fa9\u548c\u5047\u501f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b57\u7fa9\u8981\u9760\u4e0a\u6587\u4e0b\u7406\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n \u97f3\u7b26\u6e90\u81ea\u7fa9\u7b26\u3002\u7fa9\u7b26\u6709\u97f3\u6709\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u97f3\u7b26\u53ea\u53d6\u5176\u97f3\u3002\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u5728\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4e2d\u8d77\u521d\u5f88\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5230\u5f8c\u4f86\u9700\u8981\u628a\u865b\u8a5e\u3001\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u540d\u548c\u5730\u540d\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u7528\u5f97\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u9806\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\u201c\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u201d\u9019\u8853\u8a9e\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u5b78\u4e0a\u4e00\u822c\u7c21\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u5047\u501f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4ee5\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u5b57\u7b26\u4f54\u5927\u591a\u6578\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u5b57\u7b26\u56e0\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u800c\u8b8a\u6210\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u7528\u5169\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u97f3\u7bc0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5bb9\u91cf\u55ae\u4f4d\u201c\u73ed\u201d\/ban\/\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u5c31\u7528\u3008ba<\/em>\u3009+\u3008an<\/em>\u3009\u9019\u5169\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u628a \/ban\/ \u9019\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u62fc\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\uff1a\u3008ga<\/em>\u3009+\u3008ar<\/em>\u3009\u2192 \/gar\/\uff1b\u3008mu<\/em>\u3009+\u3008un<\/em>\u3009\u2192 \/mun\/\uff1b\u3008ra<\/em>\u3009+\u3008a\u0283 <\/em>\u3009\u2192 \/ra\u0283\/\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4e5f\u6709\u8868\u793a\u5169\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u7684\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c\u5982\u3008bala<\/em>\u3009\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u97f3\u7b26\u4ee3\u8868\u5169\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\uff0c\u4f46\u70ba\u6578\u6975\u5c11\u3002\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u97f3\u7b26\u4f54\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n \u5047\u501f\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u96d6\u7136\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f46\u4ea6\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u540c\u97f3\u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u5047\u501f\u9019\u4e9b\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63a1\u7528\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\uff1b\u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u6709\u9817\u591a\u5b57\u662f\u56e0\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u800c\u4e00\u5f62\u591a\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u6709\u591a\u500b\u8b80\u97f3\uff0c\u7528\u4f5c\u97f3\u7b26\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7a76\u7adf\u8b80\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u97f3\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u90fd\u662f\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u9700\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7b2c\u4e09<\/u><\/strong>\u968e\u6bb5<\/u><\/strong>\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u5b57\u548c\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u5b57\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7b26\u865f\u4ee3\u8868\u591a\u7a2e\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u5f62\u591a\u7528\u3001\u5b57\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5920\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e00\u5f62\u591a\u7528\u5b57\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u9644\u52a0\u8072\u65c1\u6216\u5b9a\u7b26\u65bc\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b57\u7fa9\u66f4\u660e\u78ba\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7c21\u8ff0\u9019\u7b2c\u516b\u7a2e\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a08. \u9644\u52a0\u8072\u65c1\u6216\u5b9a\u7b26 <\/strong>(Adding phonetic complements or determinatives)<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u548c\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee3\u8868\u591a\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u53e3\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u5716 5\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u800c\u4e00\u5f62\u591a\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868 {\u53e3}\u3001{\u9f52}\u3001{\u8a5e\u8a9e}\u3001{\u8072} \u548c {\u8b1b} \u4e94\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20 (\u898b\u8868 1 \u7b2c 4 \u7a2e\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5)\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u7b26\u7a76\u7adf\u4ee3\u8868\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e0a\u6587\u4e0b\u7406\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u7a31\u820c\u70ba \/eme\/\uff0c\u7a31\u53e3\u5507\u70ba \/nundum\/\uff0c\u6309\u7406\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7528\u53e3\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7b26\u865f\u5df2\u6709\u4e94\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u518d\u501f\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u2018\u820c\u2019\u548c\u2018\u53e3\u5507\u2019\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8ca0\u8377\u904e\u91cd\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u65bc\u662f\u5728\u53e3\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u4f5c\u6ce8\u97f3\u7528\u7684\u8072\u65c1 \/me\/ \u548c \/nun\/\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u8868\u793a\u2018\u820c\u2019\u548c\u2018\u53e3\u5507\u2019\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u3008\u820c\u3009\u548c\u3008\u53e3\u5507\u3009\u7684\u5f62\u8072\u5b57\u3002\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u7684\u9020\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\u6240\u793a\uff1a \u4e0a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u3008\u820c\u3009\u548c\u3008\u53e3\u5507\u3009\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b57\uff0c\u5c6c\u65bc\u8f03\u70ba\u5f8c\u671f\u7684\u5f62\u8072\u5b57\uff0c\u5b57\u5f62\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u6954\u5f62\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u8072\u65c1 (\u97f3\u7b26) \u53ea\u986f\u793a\u90e8\u5206\u8b80\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u7528\u90e8\u5206\u8b80\u97f3\u4f5c\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u8db3\u5920\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u793a\u2018\u820c\u2019\u548c\u2018\u53e3\u5507\u2019\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u5728\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u523b\u5beb\u53e3\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u6642\uff08\u898b\u5716 5\uff09\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7e6a\u756b\u5f27\u5f62\u7684\u7dda\u689d\u3002\u5728\u7dda\u689d\u62d0\u5f4e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6ce5\u571f\u6703\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u5d29\u812b\u3002\u7576\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u50be\u5411\u7528\u76f4\u7dda\u53d6\u4ee3\u5f27\u7dda\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u76f4\u7dda\u66f8\u5beb\u8f03\u70ba\u5feb\u6377\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u898f\u7bc4\u5316\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d 3000 \u5e74\u5df2\u958b\u59cb\u7528\u76f4\u7dda\u53d6\u4ee3\u5f27\u7dda\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u524d 2800 \u5e74\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7528\u58d3\u5beb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee3\u66ff\u523b\u5beb\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u958b\u59cb\u6954\u5f62\u5316\u3002\u7b46\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u5448\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff08\u898b\u5716 6\uff09\uff0c\u58d3\u5728\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u6642\uff0c\u8d77\u7b46\u8655\u5448\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u7b46\u5283\u5247\u6210\u76f4\u7dda\uff0c\u6536\u7b46\u8655\u8f03\u70ba\u7e96\u7d30\uff0c\u7b46\u5283\u50cf\u6954\u5b50\u6216\u91d8\u982d\u7684\u5f62\u72c0 \uff08\u898b\u5716 6\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u6216\u91d8\u982d\u6587\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n \u6709\u8a3c\u64da\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7531\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\u90fd\u7dad\u6301\u76f4\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u800c\u627f\u8972\u81ea\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u5df4\u6bd4\u502b\u6587\uff0c\u5247\u4e00\u76f4\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7d00\u4ecd\u7136\u7dad\u6301\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u76f4\u884c\u95b1\u8b80\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4eff\u7167\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u58d3\u5beb\u6ce5\u677f\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u4ee4\u6211\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u5f9e\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u4fbf\u5df2\u7d93\u6539\u7528\u659c\u884c\u58d3\u5beb\u6ce5\u677f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u66f8\u5beb\u65b9\u6cd5\u6703\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u719f\u7fd2\uff0c\u800c\u659c\u884c\u58d3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5b57\u5f62\u4ea6\u6703\u6f38\u6f38\u6210\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5b57\u5f62\uff0c\u659c\u884c\u58d3\u5beb\u5b57\u7b26\u6642\u4fbf\u6703\u6309\u7740\u9019\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u7b46\u9806\uff0c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u9806\u66a2\u7684\u628a\u5b57\u58d3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u659c\u884c\u58d3\u5beb\u6ce5\u677f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u300a\u6f22\u5b57\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u597d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u300b\u7b2c9.3.1\u7bc0\u3002<\/p>\n \u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u52a0\u8072\u65c1\u5916\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5b9a\u7b26 (determinative) \u4f86\u660e\u78ba\u986f\u793a\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u539f\u6307\u4e00\u7a2e\u6cbc\u6fa4\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u7fa9\u8fd1\u901a\u7528\u6216\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u800c\u4e00\u5f62\u591a\u7528\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\u610f\u601d\uff1a(1) \u70cf\u9d09 (2) \u80a5\u7682 (3) \u540d\u70ba Eresh \u7684\u57ce\u93ae (4) \u8a72\u57ce\u7684\u5b88\u8b77\u5973\u795e Nisaba\uff08\u898b\u8868 4\uff09\u3002\u8981\u8868\u793a\u7b2c (4) \u7a2e\u610f\u601d\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u5728\u5b57\u7684\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u2018\u795e\u2019\u7684\u661f\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u5beb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6703\u610f\u5b57 \uff1a\u661f\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u662f\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u6cbc\u6fa4\u690d\u7269\u7684\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u662f\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7b26\u865f (\u7fa9\u7b26)\u3002<\/p>\n \u5b9a\u7b26\u52a0\u5728\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u524d\u6216\u5f8c\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u7b26\u6709\uff1a\u3008\u7537\u3009\u3001\u3008\u5973\u3009\u3001\u3008\u795e\u3009\u3001\u3008\u6728\u3009\u3001\u3008\u77f3\u3009\u3001\u3008\u571f\u3009\u3001\u3008\u57ce\u3009\u3001\u3008\u9ce5\u3009\u3001\u3008\u9b5a\u3009\u7b49\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u540d\u548c\u5730\u540d\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7528\u7fa9\u7b26\u9084\u662f\u97f3\u7b26\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u9644\u52a0\u3008\u7537\u3009\u3001\u3008\u5973\u3009\u3001\u3008\u57ce\u3009\u7684\u5b9a\u7b26\u4f86\u660e\u78ba\u5b57\u7fa9\u3002\u5b9a\u7b26\u4ea6\u6e90\u81ea\u7fa9\u7b26\uff0c\u7fa9\u7b26\u6709\u97f3\u6709\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9a\u7b26\u53ea\u53d6\u5176\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8b80\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n \u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u5728\u6ce5\u677f\u4e0a\u58d3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u7b46\u5283\u5f88\u96e3\u5beb\u5f97\u7e96\u7d30\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u8072\u65c1\u9084\u662f\u5b9a\u7b26\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u4f54\u7528\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8207\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7b26\u865f\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u80fd\u52a0\u5728\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u6216\u4e0b\u65b9\u3002\u504f\u65c1\u5f88\u96e3\u548c\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7b26\u865f\u7dca\u5bc6\u5730\u7d50\u5408\u70ba\u4e00\u822c\u5b57\u9ad4\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6210\u529f\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e26\u4e0d\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n 4. \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6703\u5f9e\u8a9e\u7d20\u6587\u5b57\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u8a9e\u7d20\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/u>\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u5b57\u5f59\u7684\u6578\u91cf<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u516c\u5143\u524d 3200 \u5e74\u81f3 3000 \u5e74\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u5b57\u5f59\u5927\u7d04\u6709 1200 \u500b\u3002\u5b57\u5f59\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b57\u7b26\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4f86\u8a18\u5e33\uff0c\u7528\u9014\u9817\u70ba\u72f9\u7a84\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u524d 2600 \u5e74\uff0c\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u660e\u767d\u5230\u5b57\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u51fa\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u8a71\u6642\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u958b\u59cb\u7528\u4f86\u64b0\u5beb\u79b1\u6587\u3001\u8a18\u9304\u6b77\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5275\u4f5c\u6587\u5b78\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u65e5\u6f38\u64f4\u5927\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8981\u9020\u65b0\u5b57\uff0c\u5b57\u5f59\u6309\u9053\u7406\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u90a3\u6642\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u6954\u5f62\u5316\uff0c\u7b26\u865f\u4e0d\u518d\u8c61\u5f62\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u518d\u7528\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u9020\u65b0\u5b57\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8981\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u9ad4\u5b57\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u4f86\u6700\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u9020\u5b57\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u5b57\u7b26\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n \u516c\u5143\u524d 2500 \u5e74\uff0c\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\u4e0d\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6e1b\u81f3\u4e0d\u8db3 800 \u500b\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d 2000 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5b57\u5f59\u6578\u91cf\u518d\u964d\u81f3\u7d04 600 \u500b\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u958b\u59cb\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7dad\u6301\u903e\u5343\u5e74\u800c\u4e0d\u8b8a\u3002\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6703\u9019\u6a23\u905e\u6e1b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\u905e\u6e1b\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\u905e\u6e1b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u6954\u5f62\u5316\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u523b\u5beb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u8f49\u578b\u6210\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5b57\u5f62\u6c92\u6709\u523b\u5beb\u7b26\u865f\u90a3\u6a23\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u8b8a\u5f97\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u8fa8\u8a8d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u60f3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\u9019\u4e9b\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6587\u5b57\u8207\u53e3\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u60f3\u5230\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u5b57\u7b26\u4f86\u66ff\u4ee3\u90e8\u5206\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n \u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u4ee5\u4e0b\u9762\u5716 7 \u4e2d\u7684\u7a40\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u7b26\u865f\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u500b\u7b26\u865f\u4ee3\u8868\u56db\u7a2e\u7a40\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u7a2e\u88fd\u54c1\u90fd\u53ea\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\u4f86\u7a31\u547c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8981\u7528\u4e0a\u56db\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u8cc7\u8b58\u5225\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u8a9e\u7d20\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u53e3\u8a9e\u537b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u9019\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u800c\u6703\u5229\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u8a9e\u7d20\u4f86\u7a31\u547c\u9019\u4e9b\u7a40\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u53eb\u5b83\u5011\u505a\u4e95\u5b57\u5305\u3001\u7897\u5305\u3001\u4e09\u89d2\u5305\u3001\u846b\u8606\u5305\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u8a9e\u7d20\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u4ee3\u8868\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6216\u8005\u8ddf\u5b83\u5011\u540c\u97f3\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u6210\u5b57\u7b26\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u9019\u56db\u7a2e\u7a40\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u56db\u500b\u7279\u8a2d\u7684\u7a40\u7269\u88fd\u54c1\u7b26\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n \u6e1b\u5c11\u5b57\u5f59\u91cf\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u6954\u5f62\u5316\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u56e0\u5f62\u898b\u7fa9\u7684\u597d\u8655\u96a8\u800c\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5beb\u5f62\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5931\u6548\u5f8c\uff0c\u5047\u501f\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u7576\u65b9\u4fbf\u548c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6d88\u5f7c\u9577\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8b8a\u5f97\u666e\u904d\u3002\u73fe\u4ee5\u4e00\u5be6\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5bb9\u91cf\u55ae\u4f4d\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u73ed\u201d \/ban\/ \uff1b\u2018\u6bcf\u4e00\u73ed\u2019\u53eb\u505a \/bane\/\uff0c\u5373 \/ban\/ \uff0b \/e\/\u3002\/e\/ \u6709\u2018\u6bcf\u2019\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u2018\u6bcf\u4e00\u73ed\u2019\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u5408\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff08\u898b\u5716 8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f9e\u516c\u5143\u524d 2400 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u584a\u6ce5\u677f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7528\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u73fe\u6210\u7684\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\uff08\u898b\u8868 5\uff09\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u5716 8\u00a0 \u90a3\u500b\u5370\u8a18\u7b26\u865f\u3002[2]<\/a> \u9019\u4e09\u500b\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u5206\u5225\u8b80 \/ba\/\u3001\/an\/\u3001\/ne\/\uff0c\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8b80\u6210 \/bane\/\u3002\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5047\u501f\u4e09\u500b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c\u628a \/bane\/ \u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5716 8 \u90a3\u500b\u7279\u8a2d\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u500b\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u5047\u501f\u5b57\u7b26\u201d (phonetic loan) \u3002\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u5047\u501f\u5b57\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u7fa9\u7b26\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u88cf\u53ea\u7528\u4f5c\u201c\u97f3\u7b26\u201d (phonogram) \u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u97f3\u7b26\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u8b80\u97f3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\u201d (syllabic sign \u6216 syllabogram)\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e<\/u><\/strong>\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57<\/u><\/strong>\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u8b8a\u5f97\u6210\u719f\u3002\u5728\u6210\u719f\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u7528\u5f97\u76f8\u7576\u666e\u904d\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u7528\u4e00\u6bb5\u65bc\u516c\u5143\u524d 2044 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u9019\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u8a18\u9304\u4e00\u9593\u795e\u5edf\u6536\u5230\u4e00\u96bb\u6bcd\u5c71\u7f8a\u7684\u993d\u8d08\uff0c\u5171\u6709 20 \u500b\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5168\u5c6c\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7528\u5716 9 \u4f86\u986f\u793a\u9019\u584a\u6ce5\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u8868 6 \u4f86\u5206\u6790\u9019\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\uff1a[3]<\/a><\/p>\n \u57169\u00a0 \u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e8c\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57<\/strong><\/p>\n \u88686<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n \u8b6f\u6587\uff1a\u6cd5\u5e2b\u5f9e\u963f\u5df4\u6c99\u52a0\u57ce\u6536\u5230\u4e00\u96bb\u6bcd\u5c71\u7f8a\u3002\u6bcd\u7f8a\u7684\u5976\u6703\u7528\u4f86\u9935\u98fc\u4f60\u7684\u5c0f\u8c6c\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u4f30\u8a08\u662f\u97f3\u7b26 (\u8868 6 \u4e2d\u7070\u8272\u90e8\u5206\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26)\u3002\u7b26\u865f 11 \u81f3 14 \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c\u5beb\u51fa\u4e86\u57ce\u93ae\u540d\u5b57\u3008\u963f\u5df4\u6c99\u52a0\u3009\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u3002\u7b26\u865f 4\u30015\u30019\u300115\u300118\u300119 \u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u97f3\u7b26\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7b26\u865f\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u865b\u8a5e\u6216\u8a5e\u7db4\uff0c\u610f\u7fa9\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u7528\u7fa9\u7b26\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7528\u97f3\u7b26\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u5176\u8a9e\u97f3\u5247\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 {\u5f9e} \u9019\u5f8c\u7f6e\u7684\u4ecb\u8a5e\uff0c\u9020\u5b57\u6642\u5f88\u96e3\u4ee5\u5f62\u8868\u7fa9\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u501f\u7528\u540c\u97f3\u5b57(\u7b26\u865f 15) \u628a\u5176\u8a9e\u97f3 \/ta\/ \u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u5728\u6210\u719f\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7fa9\u7b26\u548c\u97f3\u7b26\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u53c3\u534a\u7684\u3002\u5f9e\u4e0a\u8868\u4e2d\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u8b80\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7b26\u865f\u591a\u5c6c\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7b26\u865f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u500b\u97f3\u7bc0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7b26\u865f 15\uff0c\u56e0\u540c\u97f3\u5047\u501f\u800c\u8b8a\u6210\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u628a\u4ecb\u8a5e {\u5f9e} \u7684\u8a9e\u97f3 \/ta\/ \u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n \u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u7a31\u6210\u719f\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u70ba word-syllabic writing\u00a0 \u6216\u00a0 logo-syllabic writing\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8a5e\u7b26\u548c\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\u4e26\u7528\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u9019\u985e\u6587\u5b57\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7a31\u8b02\u662f\u7fa9\u7b26\u548c\u97f3\u7b26\u7d9c\u5408\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u6216\u7c21\u7a31\u70ba\u7fa9\u97f3\u6587\u5b57 (semanto-syllabic writing)\u3002\u82f1\u570b\u8a9e\u97f3\u5b78\u5bb6 D. \u4e9e\u62d4\u514b\u502b\u6bd4 (D. Abercrombie) \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6587\u5b57\u90fd\u529b\u6c42\u628a\u53e3\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u7528\u5f62\u9ad4\u7368\u7279\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86<\/strong>\u3002[4]<\/a> \u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u201c\u8a5e\u201d\uff08word\uff09\u662f\u82f1\u8a9e\u97f3\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9762\u9ed1\u9ad4\u5370\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u82e5\u6539\u5beb\u6210\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6587\u5b57\u90fd\u529b\u6c42\u628a\u53e3\u8a9e\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u7528\u5f62\u9ad4\u7368\u7279\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86<\/strong>\u3002\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\u4e86\u3002\u628a\u8a9e\u7d20\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5beb\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\uff1a(1) \u628a\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u7fa9\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\uff1b(2) \u628a\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u97f3\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\uff1b(3) \u628a\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\u7fa9\u548c\u8a5e\u97f3\u90fd\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u7fa9\u7b26 (\u5982\u8868\u793a\u2018\u795e\u2019\u7684\u661f\u5f62\u6954\u5f62\u7b26\u865f) \u548c\u97f3\u7b26 (\u5982\u8868\u793a \/ta\/ \u97f3\u7684\u97f3\u7b26) \u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u8a9e\u7d20\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7a31\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u70ba\u7fa9\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u6bd4\u7a31\u5b83\u70ba\u8a5e\u7b26\u97f3\u7b26\u6587\u5b57\u6216\u66f4\u70ba\u6070\u7576\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u6c92\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n \u8868 6 \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5341\u5c45\u5176\u4e5d\u662f\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5927\u90fd\u5c6c\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u5b57\u7b26\u90fd\u53ef\u4f5c\u97f3\u7b26\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u97f3\u7b26\u9748\u6d3b\u6027\u9ad8\uff0c\u904b\u7528\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002\u9019\u6709\u5229\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u5f80\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u800c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u65bc\u516c\u5143\u524d 2000 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u77ed\u6642\u671f\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u55ae\u97f3\u7bc0\u97f3\u7b26\uff0c[5]<\/a> \u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u97f3\u7b26\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u95b1\u8b80\u6548\u679c\u800c\u9000\u56de\u7fa9\u7b26\u97f3\u7b26\u53c3\u534a\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u73fe\u4ee5\u4e00\u5be6\u4f8b\u4f86\u5177\u9ad4\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n \u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u8a9e\u7684\u97f3\u7bc0\u7d50\u69cb\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u97f3\u7bc0\u6578\u91cf\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u8a9e\u7d20\u540c\u97f3\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u76f8\u7576\u666e\u904d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982{\u8534}\u3001{\u9838}\u3001{\u8072}\u3001{\u725b} \u9019\u56db\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\u90fd\u8b80 \/gu\/\uff0c\u82e5\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u97f3\u7b26\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u4e0a\u6587\u4e0b\u7406\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u8166\u7b4b\u9700\u8981\u591a\u52d5\u4e00\u4e0b\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u7528\u56db\u500b\u5f62\u72c0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8c61\u5f62\u7b26\u865f\u5206\u5225\u4ee3\u8868\u9019\u56db\u500b\u8a9e\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5716\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n \u571610<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e8c\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57<\/strong><\/p>\n 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\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u4eba\u9020\u5b57\u6642\u9047\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u60f3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u5f8c\u5c31\u80fd\u5f80\u524d\u8d70\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea6\u56e0\u6b64\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6709\u5f85\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u8607\u7f8e\u723e\u6587\u6954\u5f62\u5316\u5f8c\uff0c\u66f8\u5beb\u78ba\u5be6\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6642\u7522\u751f\u5b57\u5f62\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u5f80\u5f80\u50cf\u6478\u7740\u77f3\u982d\u904e\u6cb3\uff0c\u898b\u4e00\u6b65\u8d70\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u554f\u984c\u5f8c\u624d\u5617\u8a66\u53bb\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002\u7576\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u80fd\u5920\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4f86\u6642\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u820a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5df2\u7d93\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u3002\u7576\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u6587\u5b57\u53c8\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6642\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u5c31\u8981\u518d\u4f5c\u51fa\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u4f86\u9069\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Denise Schmandt-Besserat, Before Writing:<\/em> From Counting to Cuneiform <\/em>(USA: University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992), p.189.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping<\/em>, trans. Paul Larsen (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p.47.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Ibid<\/em>., p.104.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/writingsystemsabc.com\/public\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Picture-1-for-Sumerian-for-WP-1.png\")
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